建坝河流生态喂沙理念与技术OA
Ecological sediment feeding concept and technology for dammed rivers
河流建坝后普遍面临泥沙淤积问题,不仅减少水库使用寿命,同时也改变了河流自然连续的水沙及营养物质输移过程,其中库区截留泥沙与营养盐导致富营养化风险加大,而下游泥沙急剧减少带来营养失衡和生态退化等风险,目前尚无很好的解决方法.针对水库泥沙淤积带来的效益损失及上下游河段生态环境影响,本文创新性提出建坝河流生态喂沙理念,基于水库流速垂向分布特征自主研发生态喂沙智能机器人,将库区淤积细沙持续不断地输移至水库下游河道,以同时满足水库减淤与下游河道生态补沙需求,尽可能恢复泥沙及营养物质输移的连续性.该机器人由库底气动扬沙装置与水下机器人平台组成,具有水下自主移动作业和清淤位置精准控制功能.针对典型河道型水库设置生态喂沙方案,每年可使水库泥沙淤积量减少5%,下游年输沙量可增加3.5倍,尤其是非汛期输沙量有望恢复至建库前水平.生态喂沙理念与技术具有普适性,可推广至国内外水库,为缓解水库淤积及生态环境影响提供一种科学有效的方法,从而为推动筑坝河流水沙过程近自然重建和流域生态保护提供可行技术措施与装备.
River damming generally results in sediment deposition,which not only reduces the reservoir lifespan but also disrupts the natural and continuous transport of water,sediment,and nutrients.Sediment and nutrient retention in reservoirs increases eutrophication risks,while the sharp decline in downstream sediment brings about risks such as nutrient imbalance and ecological degradation.Currently,there is still no effective solution to the above problems.To deal with the economic losses and ecological influence of reservoir sediment deposition on upstream and downstream river sections,this study innovatively proposes the concept of ecological sediment feeding for dammed rivers.An intelligent robot for ecological sediment feeding is independently developed based on the vertical flow velocity distribution characteristics of reservoirs.Therefore,fine sediment from the reservoirs could be continuously transported to downstream channels to meet the demands for reservoir deposition reduction and downstream ecological sediment replenishment simultaneously,and restore the continuity of sediment and nutrient transport as much as possible.The robot comprises a bottom pneumatic sediment lifting device and an underwater robotic platform,and is capable of autonomous underwater movement and precise dredging positioning.For a typical channel-type reservoir,implementing this ecological sediment feeding scheme can reduce annual reservoir deposition by 5%and increase downstream annual sediment transport by 3.5 times,with non-flood season sediment transport potentially restored to pre-damming levels.The concept and technology of ecological sediment feeding are universally applicable and can be extended to reservoirs globally,providing a scientific and effective approach for alleviating reservoir deposition and ecological environment influence.Then,these feasible technical measures and equipment are provided for promoting near-natural restoration of water-sediment processes in dammed rivers and supporting large-scale watershed ecological conservation.
曹慧群;毕胜;杨文俊
水利部长江水利委员会长江科学院,430010,武汉||流域水资源与生态环境科学湖北省重点实验室,430010,武汉水利部长江水利委员会长江科学院,430010,武汉||流域水资源与生态环境科学湖北省重点实验室,430010,武汉水利部长江水利委员会长江科学院,430010,武汉||流域水资源与生态环境科学湖北省重点实验室,430010,武汉
建筑与水利
水库淤积气动扬沙生态喂沙水下机器人水沙连续输移
reservoir depositionpneumatic sediment liftingecological sediment feedingunderwater robotcontinuous water-sediment transport
《中国水利》 2026 (3)
39-45,7
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(CKSF20241022/SL)国家自然科学基金项目(52130903).
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