中国静电陀螺研究的曲折起步——聚焦于清华大学的陀螺研究(1959-1976)OA

In the early days of New China,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,universities,national defense system,industry system and local science and technology system constituted the"five armies"of China's science and technology system.Among them,the Chinese Academy of Sciences became the"locomotive"of China's scientific cause,universities underwent a nationwide adjustment of faculties and departments and basically transformed into a specialized education system,while the national defense system established a large scale of defense science and technology institutions and teams in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The relationship between different scientific and technological systems in the early period of New China is an important issue in the history of modern science,among which the interaction between national defense systems and universities has not received much attention.Taking the research of Liquid Floating Gyro and Electrostatic Suspended Gyroscope(ESG)carried out by Tsinghua University in 1959-1975 as examples,this paper discusses the cooperation between universities and national defense systems and other universities when conducting research projects closely related to national defense,and the resistance encountered in the process.Since 1959,Tsinghua University has briefly carried out research on liquid floating gyro under the auspices of the Navy,and since 1965,Tsinghua University has independently carried out research on ESG.In 1967,the National Defense Science and Technology Commission began to support Tsinghua University and other units to carry out ESG research,and in fact,with the funding of the sixth machinery Department,Tsinghua University,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,707 Institute and Changzhou Nautical Instruments Factory in 1970 developed China's first ESG prototype.Beginning in 1971,Tsinghua University was able to continue the research of ESG under the management of the Third Research Institute,and in 1975 developed China's first ESG three-axis stable platform.At present,this three-axis stabilization platform of electrostatic gyroscope,which is the precious material evidence of the early research of electrostatic gyroscope carried out by Tsinghua University and even China,has been collected by Tsinghua University Science Museum.From Project 49100 to Project 606,to Project 205 and to Project 721,the changes in these research codes reflect the changes in the research management funding institutions behind the gyro research that Tsinghua University participated in from 1959 to 1976.By combing the history of gyro research in Tsinghua University,the research of ESG in China started tortuously under the background of frequent changes in the funding institutions of scientific research management.The change of management funding institutions is not uncommon in the early scientific research of New China,especially in the field of national defense science and technology,and its prevalence and influence are worthy of further study by scholars of science history.