极端天气条件下中小河流洪水特点及防御OA
Characteristics and prevention of floods in small and medium-sized rivers in extreme weather conditions
中小河流承载着国家水安全、乡村振兴、区域协调与可持续发展等多重战略使命.我国流域面积在200～3000 km2之间的中小河流达11 169条,总流域面积占国土面积的61.4%,沿线分布着1447座县级及以上城市、4.94亿人口、4.1亿亩(1亩=1/15 hm2,下同)耕地、3亿亩基本农田.近年,在极端暴雨事件多发频发背景下,中小河流洪水突发性、异常性、不确定性、致灾性更加突出,其造成的死亡人数占洪涝灾害死亡人数的20%左右,是目前水旱灾害防御的重点难点.本文系统分析2025年中小河流极端暴雨多发频发、洪水点多面广、超标准洪水频发、突发性和致灾性强的特点,深入剖析当前中小河流洪水防御在工程体系、监测体系、预报预警、工程调度及河道管理方面存在的问题与不足,按照中小河流系统治理思路,从完善中小河流防洪工程体系、雨水情监测预报体系、洪水灾害防御工作体系,以及强化风险管控、加强机理研究等方面,提出针对性措施建议,为新时代中小河流洪水防御工作提供参考.
Small and medium-sized rivers bear multiple strategic missions such as national water security,rural revitalization,regional coordination,and sustainable development.There are 11,169 small and medium-sized rivers in China whose drainage area ranges from 200 to 3,000 square kilometers,with their total drainage area accounting for 61.4%of the country's total land area.There are 1,447 cities at the county level and above,a population of 494 million,410 million mu of cultivated land,and 300 million mu of prime farmland distributed along their banks.In recent years,against the backdrop of frequent extreme rainstorm events,the suddenness,abnormality,uncertainty,and disaster-causing nature of floods in small and medium-sized rivers have become more prominent.The death toll caused by such floods accounts for approximately 20%of the total fatalities caused by flood disasters nationwide,thereby making these floods a key and difficult point in current flood and drought disaster prevention.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of small and medium-sized rivers in 2025,including frequent extreme rainstorms,widespread spatial distribution of floods,the frequent occurrence of floods exceeding the design standard,as well as strong suddenness and disaster-causing nature.Meanwhile,it conducts an in-depth analysis of the problems and limitations in the current flood prevention of small and medium-sized rivers in terms of the engineering system,monitoring system,forecasting and early warning,engineering operation and management,and river channel management.In accordance with the concept of systematic governance of small and medium-sized rivers,targeted measures and suggestions are put forward from the perspectives of improving the engineering system for flood control of small and medium-sized rivers,rainfall and water regime monitoring and forecasting system,flood disaster prevention work system,as well as strengthening risk management and control and mechanism research.This study can provide a reference for flood prevention of small and medium-sized rivers in the new era.
吴泽斌;柴福鑫;徐卫红
中国水利水电科学研究院,100038,北京||水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程技术研究中心(水旱灾害防御中心),100038,北京中国水利水电科学研究院,100038,北京||水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程技术研究中心(水旱灾害防御中心),100038,北京中国水利水电科学研究院,100038,北京||水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程技术研究中心(水旱灾害防御中心),100038,北京
建筑与水利
极端天气暴雨洪水中小河流超标准洪水防洪工程雨水情监测
extreme weatherstorm floodsmall and medium-sized riversfloods exceeding the design standardflood control projectrainfall and water regime monitoring
《中国水利》 2026 (1)
23-28,6
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3012304).
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