基于传统和几何形态学分析不同地理种群花(䱻)形态学特征差异OA

Hemibarbus maculatus is an important freshwater aquaculture species,cultured both in polyculture and monoculture systems in the Yangtze River Delta and throughout the Yangtze River Basin.However,there have been no reports on the morphological characteristics and genetic diversity of different geographic populations of H.maculatus.To fundamentally improve the genetic traits of farmed H.maculatus and expand their genetic basis,it is imperative to conduct comprehensive surveys of wild resources,systematically evaluate population character-istics,and enhance the conservation and selective breeding of high-quality wild populations.To this end,this study investigates the differences in external morphological characteristics among different geographic popula-tions of H.maculatus and explores their morphological variation patterns in relation to geographical distribution.Therefore,this study investigated the external morphological differences and geographic variation patterns across five wild populations of H.maculatus.Live specimens were collected from the Yalu River(YL),Minjiang River(MJ),Huaihe River(HH),Hongze Lake(HZ),and Taihu Lake(TH).Following collection,uniform mor-phometric measurements and two-dimensional image acquisition were performed.We employed multivariate statistical analyses-including one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA),discriminant analysis,principal compo-nent analysis(PCA),and cluster analysis-together with landmark-based geometric morphometrics to compare morphological differences.The results indicate that:(1)One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in 11 morphological traits among the geographic populations,primarily related to eye diameter,body length and height,and fin length.Discriminant analysis identified mouth length,caudal peduncle length,body height,caudal fin length,and dorsal fin length as the key morphological indicators contributing to these differences.(2)PCA and cluster analysis showed that the Yalu River population exhibited the greatest morphological diver-gence from the other four populations.The Huaihe River population displayed some morphological convergence with the Minjiang River,Taihu Lake,and Hongze Lake populations,while the smallest morphological differ-ences were observed between the Taihu Lake and Hongze Lake populations.(3)Landmark-based analysis vis-ually illustrated variations in body shape and fin morphology among the populations.Compared to the consen-sus configuration,the Huaihe River and Minjiang River populations had shorter and thicker caudal peduncles,whereas the Yalu River population exhibited a more elongated caudal peduncle.Distinct differences in the out-ward or inward extension of the caudal fin,anal fin,and pelvic fin were also observed among the geographic populations.In conclusion,morphological differences among geographic populations of H.maculatus are primarily manifested in body shape and fin characteristics.PCA and cluster analysis confirmed that the Yalu River popula-tion is the most morphologically distinct.Geometric morphometric analysis further visually detailed the body and fin morphological variations among the populations.These differences are likely associated with geographical isolation,ecological adaptation,predation pressure,and habitat environmental characteristics.This study pro-vides fundamental data for a comprehensive understanding of the morphological characteristics and population i-dentification of H.maculatus,and offers valuable insights for germplasm resource exploration,utilization,genetic breeding,and production practices.