Exploring the mechanism of action of acupuncture for Alzheimer’s disease based on the immune-metabolic network perspectiveOA

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)represents a prototypical neurodegenerative disorder with a multifactorial pathogenesis encompassing amyloid-β(Aβ)deposition,tau protein hyperphosphorylation,and chronic neuroinflammation.Recent advances in proteomic profiling have identified significant dysregulation in astrocytic and microglial metabolic pathways in AD pathogenesis,establishing mechanistic links between metabolic dyshomeostasis and neuroimmune crosstalk.Accumulating evidence indicates that acupuncture has gained prominence as a non-pharmacological therapeutic modality for AD management,owing to its multimodal regulatory effects on neuroinflammatory cascades,metabolic recalibration,and immune network stabilization.This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which acupuncture exerts its neuroprotective effects,focusing on three interconnected axes:immunometabolic reprogramming in glial cells(particularly microglial bioenergetic adaptation),gut microbiota-derived metabolite signaling(including short-chain fatty acid-mediated pathways),and neuro‐immune‐metabolic interplay.We present a novel therapeutic framework highlighting acupuncture-mediated immunometabolic modulation,thereby providing a mechanistic foundation for developing targeted therapeutic strategies in AD management.