Hyperpolarized ^(13)C MRI in hepatocellular carcinoma:Unmet questions during clinical translationOACSTPCDMEDLINE

Hyperpolarized(HP)^(13)C magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is a powerful molecular imaging technique.With dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization(d-DNP),it can achieve dramatic signal increase and allows for dynamic and quantitative investigation of real-time metabolism in vivo.[1]The typical HP^(13)C MRI workflow begins with formulating the^(13)C probe,and then placing it in the hyperpolarization equipment to achieve the desired signal amplification level,which typically amounts to an increase in the MRI signal by more than 10,000 folds.The subsequent data acquisition is supported by a specialized^(13)C coil and^(13)C acquisition sequence,and finally quantitative and visualized metabolic information is obtained through a post-processing algorithm.To date,research of HP^(13)C MRI has focused on diabetes,cardiovascular diseases,and cancers,[2]showing great promises in tumor detection and the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.